Kusanthula mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu zoyenera ukadaulo wozimitsa laser

I. Zipangizo zachitsulo zachitsulo (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano)

1. Chitsulo chapakati ndi chapamwamba cha kaboni (kuchuluka kwa kaboni 0.3% ~ 0.8%), zipangizo wamba:

45 zitsulo (chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri cha kapangidwe ka kaboni wapakatikati), chomwe chimatchedwa S45C mu miyezo ya JIS, ASTM 1045/080M46, ndi DIN C45, ndi chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri cha kapangidwe ka kaboni chokhala ndi mankhwala otsatirawa: 0.42-0.50% kaboni (C), 0.17-0.37% silicon (Si), 0.50-0.80% manganese (Mn), ndi ≤0.25% chromium (Cr). Zipangizo zosinthasinthazi zimasonyeza kugwira ntchito bwino kozizira/kotentha, mphamvu zapamwamba zamakina, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, komanso kupezeka kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale. Komabe, cholepheretsa chake chachikulu chili mu kulimba kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zimafuna miyeso yayikulu kapena miyezo yolondola kwambiri.

Chitsulo cha T8: Chitsulo cha eutectoid carbon chomwe chimakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu komanso kukana kuwonongeka chikatha kuzimitsidwa ndi kutenthedwa, ngakhale chili ndi zoletsa kuphatikizapo kuuma pang'ono kutentha, kuuma pang'ono, komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwambiri panthawi yopangira. Zinthuzi zikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya GB/T 1298, zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wochepa pakati pa 0.75% ndi 0.84%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kupanga zida zozizira komanso zodulira. Njira yozimitsira imafuna kuziziritsidwa kwa madzi pa 780-800℃°C, pomwe kutenthedwa pamwamba pa 250℃°C kumatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa magawo. Komabe, sizikulimbikitsidwa pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kukana kukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu.

Chitsulo cha 65Mn: Chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha masika chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zambiri pambuyo pa kutentha komanso kuuma kozizira, chomwe chimapereka kusinthasintha kwabwino komanso pulasitiki. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana ya pamwamba ndi kuuma kwathunthu, malire ake otopa amafanana ndi a masika amitundu isanu. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuuma kochepa, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa masika ang'onoang'ono monga masika osintha kupanikizika/kulamulira liwiro, masika oyezera mphamvu, masika ozungulira/amakona ozungulira, kapena masika achitsulo okokedwa ndi waya pamakina ang'onoang'ono. Zotsatira Zolimba: Kuuma kwa pamwamba kumafika 55-65 HRC yokhala ndi kuya kolimba kwa 0.2 ~ 1.5mm, yokhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ka martensitic komanso kukana kutopa kwambiri (monga, moyo wa 45 chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito umawonjezeka nthawi 4-6 pambuyo pozimitsidwa). Yoyenera magiya, mapini, ndi zigawo za shaft. Njira: Kuchuluka kokwanira kwa kaboni kumapanga martensite yochuluka, yomwe imadutsa mu austenitization yonse panthawi yotenthetsera mwachangu ya laser ndipo imakwaniritsa kusintha kwathunthu kudzera mu kuzimitsa kozizira.

2. Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi aloyi (onjezerani Cr, Ni, Mo ndi zinthu zina), zipangizo wamba:

40Cr: (40Cr imagwera m'gulu la "chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy" monga momwe tafotokozera mu GB3077. Chitsulochi chili ndi 0.37%-0.44% ya kaboni, yocheperako pang'ono kuposa chitsulo 45, yokhala ndi Si ndi Mn yofanana. Ili ndi 0.80%-1.10% Cr. Mu ntchito zotenthetsera, kuchuluka kwa 1% Cr kumeneku sikuthandiza kwenikweni, chifukwa magulu onse awiriwa amasonyeza makhalidwe ofanana a makina. Popeza 40Cr imadula pafupifupi theka la chitsulo 45, kuganizira zachuma nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo 45 m'malo mwake ngati n'kotheka.

35CrMo: 35CrMo ndi code yofotokozera za chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy (chitsulo chozimitsidwa ndi chotenthetsera), chogwirizana ndi muyezo wa ku Germany 1.7220, muyezo wa ku Britain 708A37, muyezo wa ku France 35CD4, ndi zina zotero, mogwirizana ndi GB/T 3077-2015. Ili ndi kaboni yofanana ndi 0.72%, kusatha kusweka bwino komwe kumafuna njira zotenthetsera pasadakhale. Chitsulochi chili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yosasinthasintha komanso kulimba, ndi mphamvu yokoka ≥985MPa ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ≥835MPa, chokhoza kupirira kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka 500℃. Ndi yoyenera kupanga zida zamakanika zolemera kwambiri monga ma gearbox, ma crankshaft, ndodo zolumikizira, ndi ma spindles a turbine a nthunzi m'mafakitale ozungulira.

20CrMnTi: Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi carburite chokhala ndi kaboni wokwanira 0.17%-0.24%, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalimoto opangira magiya otumizira. Monga chitsulo chopangidwa ndi carburite chapakatikati (Cr-Mn-Ti), chimasonyeza kulimba kwapadera pomwe chimasunga kulimba kwa kutentha kochepa. Chopangidwa makamaka kuti chikhale cholimba pamwamba pa carburite, chitsulochi chimakhala ndi makina abwino kwambiri komanso chopanda kusintha kwakukulu komanso cholimba kwambiri. Ntchito zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kupanga zigawo za shaft, zigawo za pistoni, ndi zigawo zapadera zamagalimoto ndi ndege.

Kuthetsa mphamvu: Kuuma kumatha kufika 60~70 HRC, kuya kwa gawo lolimba ndi 0.3~2mm, zinthu za alloy zimathandizira kuuma ndi kukana dzimbiri (monga zida za 35CrMo pambuyo pozimitsa mphamvu ya kutopa imawonjezeka ndi 30%).

Dziwani: Kuchuluka kwa aloyi kungathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa laser, kotero ndikofunikira kukulitsa mphamvu yoyamwa kudzera mu blackening treatment (monga phosphate ndi coating).

3. Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo (chitsulo chopangidwa ndi imvi, chitsulo chopangidwa ndi ductile), zipangizo zodziwika bwino:

HT300: ndi mtundu wa pearlite wa chitsulo cholimba kwambiri cha imvi, chimagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa dziko lonse wa GB 9439-88, dzina lake "HT" likuyimira chitsulo cholimba, "300" likusonyeza kuti mphamvu yocheperako yomangika ya ndodo yoyesera ya 30mm m'mimba mwake ndi 300MPa.

QT600-3: QT600-3 ndi chitsulo chosungunuka cha thupi la pearlitic, chokhala ndi mphamvu yapakatikati komanso yapamwamba, kulimba kwapakatikati komanso kusinthasintha, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kukana kuwonongeka bwino komanso kugwedezeka, komanso mawonekedwe abwino a njira yopangira zinthu. Imatha kusintha mawonekedwe ake kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana zotenthetsera.

Kuthetsa mphamvu: Kuuma kwa pamwamba kumatha kufika 45~55 HRC, kuya kwa gawo lolimba ndi 0.1~0.8mm, ndipo kapangidwe ka martensite + residual austenite kamapangidwa mozungulira gawo la graphite, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu yoletsa kugayidwa (mwachitsanzo, coefficient ya kukangana kwa njanji yowongolera zida zamakina pambuyo pozimitsa imachepetsedwa ndi 20%).

II. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi zitsulo zake (magawo oyambira kugwiritsa ntchito)

1. Aloyi ya titaniyamu (Ti-6Al-4V, ndi zina zotero)

Aloyi wa titaniyamu amatanthauza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aloyi opangidwa ndi titaniyamu ndi zitsulo zina. Titaniyamu ndi chitsulo chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chinapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1950, chomwe chili ndi mphamvu ya aloyi wa titaniyamu, sichimalimbana ndi dzimbiri, komanso sichimalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri.

Makhalidwe olimba: Kutentha kwa laser kumalimbikitsa kupangika kwa martensite yodzaza pamwamba, ndipo kuuma kumawonjezeka kuchoka pa 300 HV mpaka 500 ~ 600 HV, pomwe kumasunga kulimba bwino (koyenera kulimbitsa tsamba la injini ya aero).

  Kuvuta kwaukadaulo: Aloyi ya titaniyamu imakhala ndi kuwala kwa laser kwambiri (pafupifupi 70%), kotero chithandizo cha pamwamba (monga kuphulika kwa mchenga) kapena kuwala kwa ultraviolet (kutalika kwa mafunde 355nm, kuwala kochepera 30%) chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

2. Aluminiyamu (mndandanda wa 2xxx, mndandanda wa 7xxx)

Ichi ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu chomwe chili ndi zinthu zina monga mkuwa, silicon, magnesium, zinc, ndi manganese. Kudzera mu kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha zinthu, chimapanga mndandanda wa 1XXX mpaka 8XXX womwe umaphatikizapo aluminiyamu yoyera ya mafakitale ndi aluminiyamu-mkuwa. Dongosolo lake la ma code a boma limachokera ku zinthu zisanu zofunika kuphatikiza F (machining yaulere) ndi O (annealing), yokhala ndi ma code atsatanetsatane monga T6 omwe amalola kuwongolera molondola mphamvu ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri.

Njira yozimitsira: Kulimbitsa yankho lolimba kumachitika mwa kutentha mwachangu kwa laser, ndipo gawo lokhazikika la metastable limapangidwa pambuyo poziziziritsa lokha (mwachitsanzo, kuuma kwa aloyi ya aluminiyamu ya 7075 kumawonjezeka kuchokera pa 150 HV mpaka 220 HV pambuyo pozimitsa).

Zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito: Aloyi ya aluminiyamu ili ndi mphamvu yotenthetsera kutentha (mphamvu yotenthetsera kutentha ndi pafupifupi 200 W/m K), laser yamphamvu kwambiri (≥2 kW) imafunika kuti kutentha kugwire bwino ntchito, ndipo ndikosavuta kupanga kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kutentha.

3. Zitsulo zachitsulo (mkuwa, bronze)

Iyi ndi alloy yopangidwa ndi mkuwa weniweni wokhala ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zowonjezera. Ntchito: Kulimbitsa pamwamba pa zinthu zosatha (monga mabearing, ma valve). Pambuyo pa kuzimitsa kwa laser, pamwamba pake pamapanga kapangidwe ka nanocrystalline, zomwe zimawonjezera kuuma ndi 15% mpaka 30%. Komabe, kutentha kuyenera kulamulidwa kuti kupewe kufewa kwa mkuwa.

III. Zipangizo Zapadera Zogwirira Ntchito

1. Zipangizo Zopangira Ufa (monga zitsulo ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ufa zopangidwa ndi mkuwa) Ubwino: Kapangidwe kake kamene kamalowa m'madzi kamatha kusunga mafuta opaka, ndipo pamwamba pake pamakhuthala kwambiri pambuyo pozimitsa ndi laser. Kulimba kumawonjezeka kuchoka pa 20-30 HRC kufika pa 50-55 HRC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma bearing opaka okha.

2. Zipangizo Zophikira Pamwamba (monga, zophikira zotenthetsera ndi zigawo zophimba) Ntchito Zachizolowezi: Pambuyo pozimitsa zophikira za WC-Co zomwe zimapopedwa ndi laser pamwamba pa zitsulo za kaboni, kapangidwe ka "martensite matrix + simenti ya carbide phase" kamapangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuuma kupitirire 1000 HV. Zipangizozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zosatha za makina opangira migodi.

IV. Zipangizo zosafunika kuzimitsira ndi laser

Chitsulo chopanda mpweya wokwanira (kuchuluka kwa mpweya Chifukwa cha kaboni wosakwanira, kusintha kwa martensitic kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuuma kukhale koipa (kuwonjezeka kwa kuuma

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic (monga 316L): Sili ndi mphamvu yosinthira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito laser. Kutentha kwa laser kumangoyambitsa kuuma kwa ntchito koma kuuma kwake kumakhala kochepa (pafupifupi 15% -20%).